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2-5
ATM and Layer 3 Switch Router Troubleshooting Guide
OL-1969-01
Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Tools
Third-Party Troubleshooting Tools
Volt-Ohm Meters, Digital Multimeters, and Cable Testers
Volt-ohm meters and digital multimeters measure parameters such as AC and DC voltage, current,
resistance, capacitance, and cable continuity. They check physical connectivity.
Using cable testers (scanners), you can also check physical connectivity. Cable testers are available for
foil twisted-pair (FTP), unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), 10BaseT, and coaxial and twinax cables. A given
cable tester can perform any of the following functions:
• Test and report on cable conditions, including near-end crosstalk (NEXT), attenuation, and noise
• Perform time domain reflectometer (TDR) functions, traffic monitoring, and wire map functions
• Display media access control (MAC)-layer information about LAN traffic, provide statistics such as
network utilization and packet error rates, and perform limited protocol testing (for example,
TCP/IP tests such as ping).
Similar testing equipment is available for fiber-optic cable. Due to the relatively high cost of fiber cable
and its installation, test fiber-optic cable both before installation (on-the-reel testing) and after
installation. Continuity testing of the fiber requires either a visible light source or a reflectometer. Light
sources capable of providing light at the three predominant wavelengths, 850 nanometers (nm),
1300 nm, and 1550 nm, are used with power meters that can measure the same wavelengths and test
attenuation and return loss in the fiber.
TDRs and OTDRs
TDRs quickly locate open circuits, short circuits, crimps, kinks, sharp bends, impedance mismatches,
and other defects in metallic cables.
A TDR reflects a signal off the end of the cable. Opens, shorts, and other problems reflect back the signal
at different amplitudes, depending on the problem. A TDR measures the time it takes for the signal to
reflect and calculates the distance to a fault in the cable. TDRs can also measure the length of a cable,
and some TDRs can calculate the rate of propagation based on a configured cable length.
Fiber-optic measurement is performed by an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). OTDRs can
accurately measure the length of the fiber, locate cable breaks, measure the fiber attenuation, and
measure splice or connector losses. An OTDR can take the signature of a particular installation, noting
attenuation and splice losses. This baseline measurement can then be compared with future signatures
when you suspect a problem in the system.
Network Monitors
Network monitors continuously track packets crossing a network, providing an accurate picture of
network activity. Network monitors do not decode the contents of frames. They are useful for creating a
baseline of normal performance.
Monitors collect information such as packet sizes, the number of packets, error packets, overall usage of
a connection, the number of hosts and their MAC addresses, and details about communications between
hosts and other devices. This data can be used to create profiles of LAN traffic and assist in locating
traffic overloads, planning for network expansion, detecting intruders, and distributing traffic more
efficiently.
- Cisco Reader Comment Card 1
- BUSINESS REPLY MAIL 2
- Troubleshooting Guide 3
- CONTENTS 5
- 3 Initial Troubleshooting 3-1 6
- 4 Example Network 4-1 6
- Contents 10
- OL-1969-01 10
- C ATM Cell Structures C-1 15
- D Creating a Core Dump D-1 15
- F Technical Support F-1 15
- Audience 17
- Organization 18
- Related Documentation 19
- Conventions 20
- Obtaining Documentation 21
- Cisco.com 22
- Technical Assistance Center 22
- Contacting TAC by Telephone 23
- Troubleshooting Overview 25
- Troubleshooting Tools 29
- Converted show epc Commands 30
- Using Diagnostic Commands 31
- • TDRs and OTDRs, page 2-5 32
- • Network Monitors, page 2-5 32
- • Network Analyzers, page 2-6 32
- TDRs and OTDRs 33
- Network Monitors 33
- Network Analyzers 34
- Initial Troubleshooting 35
- Accessibility Test 36
- OIR Test 36
- Snake Test 36
- Examples 37
- Using Bug Toolkit 39
- Checking IOS Release Notes 41
- Finding the Image 45
- IOS Upgrade Procedures 46
- Maintaining Functional Images 46
- Catalyst 8540 MSR) 48
- Example Network 55
- Example Networks 56
- Physical Connections 57
- Virtual Connections 58
- Chapter 4 Example Network 59
- Interface Connections 73
- Checking Cell Rates 75
- Performing OAM Loopback Tests 78
- OAM Loopback Testing 81
- Configuring Loopback Examples 82
- Line Coding Errors 89
- Interface Module LEDs 98
- OL-1969-02 103
- Port Adapter LEDs 104
- Interfaces 125
- • An AIS defect 131
- Network Connections 133
- Checking the UBR Resources 138
- • Packet discard 145
- • UPC option 145
- Checking UNI Interfaces 150
- Debugging SVC Signalling 153
- Alternate SVC Diagnostics 154
- Debugging PNNI SVC Routing 156
- Checking ATM Routes 157
- Checking PNNI Topology 158
- Checking SVC Downstream 159
- Hierarchical Network 160
- Checking SVCC-RCC Status 176
- Checking SVCC-RCC Hello State 177
- Checking Link Aggregation 183
- • Debugging Summary Addresses 184
- Debugging Summary Addresses 186
- Checking Traffic Priority 193
- Using PNNI Trace Connection 196
- Initiating a Trace Connection 197
- Environments 203
- Debugging the LANE Connection 211
- Troubleshooting Tag and MPLS 213
- Switching Connections 213
- How Tag Switching Works 214
- Troubleshooting TDP Neighbors 220
- MPLS Overview 224
- How MPLS Works 225
- MPLS Example 229
- Verifying CEF Switching 232
- Verifying MPLS 235
- Pinging Neighbors 236
- Verifying Label Distribution 236
- Verifying Label Bindings 237
- Troubleshooting MPLS VPN 238
- Verifying VRF Configurations 239
- Verifying Routing Information 240
- Verifying Labels 242
- Pinging ATM VPN Connections 254
- Debugging MPLS 256
- Network Clocking 257
- Performing Basic Checks 258
- CES Example Network 260
- Overview of Network Clocking 263
- Network Clock Module LEDs 264
- Layer 3 to Layer 3 269
- Connection Troubleshooting 269
- Uplink Interfaces 271
- • Detect port stuck failure 276
- 100BASE-FX Interface Modules 279
- Interface Modules 303
- Module LED Descriptions 304
- • SONET Tech Tips 311
- Descriptions 311
- Descriptions (continued) 312
- Defining Layer 3 Switching 320
- Understanding Packet Flow 320
- C8540CSR-1 321
- C8540CSR-2 321
- Layer 3 Forwarding 324
- Layer 2 Bridging 324
- Overview of Layer 3 Switching 325
- System Architecture 326
- Route Processor 327
- Routing Protocols 328
- Layer 2 VLAN and Switching 328
- Cisco Express Forwarding 329
- CEF Operation 330
- The Frame Scheduler 332
- Line Card Architecture 334
- CEFA Search Engine 335
- Fabric Interface 335
- Figure 11-13 Shared CAM 337
- Checking the IP Routing Table 345
- Checking the Interface Status 346
- CAM encoding: 354
- 0x009021DDDDDD 354
- • IP routing is on 355
- Layer 3 IP Multicast Overview 361
- Dense Mode 362
- Sparse Mode 362
- The Multicast Routing Table 364
- Utilization Problems 369
- Troubleshooting SDM Problems 374
- Layer 2 Switching 383
- Bridging 384
- Layer 2 Switching Broadcasts 385
- Layer 2 CAM Display 393
- Check for Spanning Tree Loop 393
- Before Configuring IRB 395
- • Load balancing 398
- • Fault tolerance 398
- Layer 3 to ATM 403
- Connections 405
- ATM Router Module Overview 406
- Hardware Restrictions 407
- ATM Router Module Software 408
- IPX Switching Overview 422
- • That the IP routing is on 436
- Appendixes 443
- Debugging a Switch Router 445
- Using the Debug Interface 446
- Using the debug ? Command 447
- Enabling Message Logging 450
- Passwords 455
- Cannot Compile Daemon 456
- Daemon Is Not Up and Running 457
- Daemon Does Not Run 457
- Recovering a Lost Password 459
- ATM Cell Structures 461
- Appendix 462
- OAM Cell Structure 463
- LANE Data Frame 465
- Creating a Core Dump 467
- Using the write core Command 469
- APPENDIX 471
- Line Coding 472
- Connection Alarm Types 473
- Architecture Problems 474
- Port Stuck Message 477
- Potential Causes 478
- Technical Support 481
- Numerics 485
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