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11-11
ATM and Layer 3 Switch Router Troubleshooting Guide
OL-1969-01
Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Layer 3 Network Connections
System Architecture
Cisco Express Forwarding
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) evolved to best accommodate the changing network dynamics and
traffic characteristics resulting from increasing numbers of short-duration flows typically associated
with Web-based applications and interactive multimedia sessions. Other Layer 3 switching paradigms
use a route-cache model to maintain a fast lookup table for destination network prefixes (see
Figure 11-5). The route-cache entries are traffic driven, in that the first packet to a new destination is
routed via routing table information, and as part of that forwarding operation, a route-cache entry for
that destination is added. This process allows subsequent packet flows to that same destination network
to be switched based on a route-cache match. These entries are periodically aged out to keep the route
cache current and can be immediately invalidated if the network topology changes.
Figure 11-5 Route-Cache and Distributed Routing Comparison
This “demand-caching” scheme used by other Layer 3 switches is optimized for networks where the
majority of traffic flows are associated with a subset of destinations. Since the traffic profiles at the core
of the Internet (and potentially within some large enterprise networks) no longer resemble this model,
CEF was introduced. CEF eliminates the increasing cache maintenance problem resulting from growing
numbers of topologically dispersed destinations and dynamic network changes.
Route-Cache Switch
Distributed Catalyst 8500 CSR Switch
Line card
CPU
Line card
Shared
memory
fabric
Routing table/
route cache
Ingress
port
Egress
port
49986
Line
card
FIB
table
Line
card
Route
Processor
Routing table/
central FIB
table
Shared
memory
fabric
Ingress
port
Egress
port
FIB
table
- Cisco Reader Comment Card 1
- BUSINESS REPLY MAIL 2
- Troubleshooting Guide 3
- CONTENTS 5
- 3 Initial Troubleshooting 3-1 6
- 4 Example Network 4-1 6
- Contents 10
- OL-1969-01 10
- C ATM Cell Structures C-1 15
- D Creating a Core Dump D-1 15
- F Technical Support F-1 15
- Audience 17
- Organization 18
- Related Documentation 19
- Conventions 20
- Obtaining Documentation 21
- Cisco.com 22
- Technical Assistance Center 22
- Contacting TAC by Telephone 23
- Troubleshooting Overview 25
- Troubleshooting Tools 29
- Converted show epc Commands 30
- Using Diagnostic Commands 31
- • TDRs and OTDRs, page 2-5 32
- • Network Monitors, page 2-5 32
- • Network Analyzers, page 2-6 32
- TDRs and OTDRs 33
- Network Monitors 33
- Network Analyzers 34
- Initial Troubleshooting 35
- Accessibility Test 36
- OIR Test 36
- Snake Test 36
- Examples 37
- Using Bug Toolkit 39
- Checking IOS Release Notes 41
- Finding the Image 45
- IOS Upgrade Procedures 46
- Maintaining Functional Images 46
- Catalyst 8540 MSR) 48
- Example Network 55
- Example Networks 56
- Physical Connections 57
- Virtual Connections 58
- Chapter 4 Example Network 59
- Interface Connections 73
- Checking Cell Rates 75
- Performing OAM Loopback Tests 78
- OAM Loopback Testing 81
- Configuring Loopback Examples 82
- Line Coding Errors 89
- Interface Module LEDs 98
- OL-1969-02 103
- Port Adapter LEDs 104
- Interfaces 125
- • An AIS defect 131
- Network Connections 133
- Checking the UBR Resources 138
- • Packet discard 145
- • UPC option 145
- Checking UNI Interfaces 150
- Debugging SVC Signalling 153
- Alternate SVC Diagnostics 154
- Debugging PNNI SVC Routing 156
- Checking ATM Routes 157
- Checking PNNI Topology 158
- Checking SVC Downstream 159
- Hierarchical Network 160
- Checking SVCC-RCC Status 176
- Checking SVCC-RCC Hello State 177
- Checking Link Aggregation 183
- • Debugging Summary Addresses 184
- Debugging Summary Addresses 186
- Checking Traffic Priority 193
- Using PNNI Trace Connection 196
- Initiating a Trace Connection 197
- Environments 203
- Debugging the LANE Connection 211
- Troubleshooting Tag and MPLS 213
- Switching Connections 213
- How Tag Switching Works 214
- Troubleshooting TDP Neighbors 220
- MPLS Overview 224
- How MPLS Works 225
- MPLS Example 229
- Verifying CEF Switching 232
- Verifying MPLS 235
- Pinging Neighbors 236
- Verifying Label Distribution 236
- Verifying Label Bindings 237
- Troubleshooting MPLS VPN 238
- Verifying VRF Configurations 239
- Verifying Routing Information 240
- Verifying Labels 242
- Pinging ATM VPN Connections 254
- Debugging MPLS 256
- Network Clocking 257
- Performing Basic Checks 258
- CES Example Network 260
- Overview of Network Clocking 263
- Network Clock Module LEDs 264
- Layer 3 to Layer 3 269
- Connection Troubleshooting 269
- Uplink Interfaces 271
- • Detect port stuck failure 276
- 100BASE-FX Interface Modules 279
- Interface Modules 303
- Module LED Descriptions 304
- • SONET Tech Tips 311
- Descriptions 311
- Descriptions (continued) 312
- Defining Layer 3 Switching 320
- Understanding Packet Flow 320
- C8540CSR-1 321
- C8540CSR-2 321
- Layer 3 Forwarding 324
- Layer 2 Bridging 324
- Overview of Layer 3 Switching 325
- System Architecture 326
- Route Processor 327
- Routing Protocols 328
- Layer 2 VLAN and Switching 328
- Cisco Express Forwarding 329
- CEF Operation 330
- The Frame Scheduler 332
- Line Card Architecture 334
- CEFA Search Engine 335
- Fabric Interface 335
- Figure 11-13 Shared CAM 337
- Checking the IP Routing Table 345
- Checking the Interface Status 346
- CAM encoding: 354
- 0x009021DDDDDD 354
- • IP routing is on 355
- Layer 3 IP Multicast Overview 361
- Dense Mode 362
- Sparse Mode 362
- The Multicast Routing Table 364
- Utilization Problems 369
- Troubleshooting SDM Problems 374
- Layer 2 Switching 383
- Bridging 384
- Layer 2 Switching Broadcasts 385
- Layer 2 CAM Display 393
- Check for Spanning Tree Loop 393
- Before Configuring IRB 395
- • Load balancing 398
- • Fault tolerance 398
- Layer 3 to ATM 403
- Connections 405
- ATM Router Module Overview 406
- Hardware Restrictions 407
- ATM Router Module Software 408
- IPX Switching Overview 422
- • That the IP routing is on 436
- Appendixes 443
- Debugging a Switch Router 445
- Using the Debug Interface 446
- Using the debug ? Command 447
- Enabling Message Logging 450
- Passwords 455
- Cannot Compile Daemon 456
- Daemon Is Not Up and Running 457
- Daemon Does Not Run 457
- Recovering a Lost Password 459
- ATM Cell Structures 461
- Appendix 462
- OAM Cell Structure 463
- LANE Data Frame 465
- Creating a Core Dump 467
- Using the write core Command 469
- APPENDIX 471
- Line Coding 472
- Connection Alarm Types 473
- Architecture Problems 474
- Port Stuck Message 477
- Potential Causes 478
- Technical Support 481
- Numerics 485
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